Kenya General Elections
(Problems, obstacles, and political pressures after the elections 1988-1989)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33193/eJHAS.8.2023.254Keywords:
Moi, KANU party, Elections, Queue voting, ConstituenciesAbstract
The general elections that took place in February and March of 1988 saw the effective end of the representative democratic system in Kenya under former President Daniel arap Moi (1978-2002), and the introduction of queuing voting destroyed the National Assembly as a tool of political legitimacy, and since then most Members of Parliament are mere instruments of the central government, not local representatives of their constituencies; Because their success in winning was due to the government rigging the elections.
The legitimacy of official politics has faded, and protest can only be expressed through illegal demonstrations and protests. The elections also led to the loss of many popular Kikuyu, Luhia and Luo politicians. The ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) party, who were ousted by fraud in 1988, who then realized that only through confrontation could they defeat the regime.
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2. D. Throup, and C. Hornsby, Multi-Party Politics in Kenya, Oxford: James Currey, 1998.
3. David G. Mailu, The Principles of Nyayo Philosophy, Nairobi, 1990.
4. David Throup, “Elections and political Legitimacy in Kenya”, Africa Magazine, Vol. (63), No. (3), 1993.
5. G. Lynch, “Electing the alliance of the accused: the success of the Jubilee Alliance in Kenya’s Rift Valley”, Journal of Eastern African Studies, Vol. (8), No. (1), 2014.
6. G. Sabar-Friedman, “Church and State in Kenya 1986-1992: The Churches Involvement in the "Game of Change", African Affairs, No. (96), 1997.
7. Gilahi Godfrey Kariuki, The Illusion of Power, Nairobi, 2001.
8. Holger Bernt Hansen and Michael Twaddle, Religion and politics in East Africa, London.
9. J. Widner, “The Leadership Styles and Patterns of Political Liberalization”, African Studies Review, Vol. (37), No. (1), 1994.
10. J. O. Oucho, “Origins and Characteristics of Migrants in Nairobi: A Spatial Analysis", Paper presented at the First International Conference on Urban Growth and Spatial Planning of Nairobi, Nairobi, December 1988.
11. John M. Cohen and John R. Wheeler, “Improving Public Expenditure planning: Introducing a public Investment program in Kenya”, Harvard Institute for International development, Harvard, March 1994.
12. K. G. Adarand and I. M. Munyae, “Human Rights Abuses in Kenya under Daniel Arap Moi 1978-2001”, African Studies Quarterly, 2001.
13. K. Hulterström, In Pursuit of Ethnic Politics: Voters, Parties and Policies in Kenya and Zambia, Doctoral thesis, Department of Government/ Uppsala University, 2004.
14. K. R. Mwatha, “Women’s groups: From welfare to small-scale business in Kenya”, Small Enterprise Development, Vol. (7), No. (1), 1996..
15. Karuti Kanyinga, Contestation over political space: The state and demobilization of party polarities in Kenya, Copenhagen, November 1998.
16. Kenneth Matiba, Aiming High, Nairobi, 2000.
17. Kinutha Kibwana, Fundamental rights and freedoms in Kenya, Nairobi, 1990.
18. M. Bratton and M. S. Kimenyi, “Voting in Kenya: Putting Ethnicity in Perspective”, Journal of Eastern African Studies, Vol. (2), No. (2), 2008.
19. M.Tamarkin, “The Roots of Political Stability in Kenya”, African Affairs, Vol. (77), 1989.
20. Makau Mulua, Kenya’s Quest for Democracy: Taming Leviathan, Boulder, 2008.
21. Moi, “Taking Liberties”, African Watch, New York, 1991.
22. Mwangi S. Kimenyi and others, Restarting and Development in Africa: The case of Kenya, Aldershot (Hampshire/ England), 2003.
23. P. Mars, “The nature of political violence”, Social and Economic Studies, Vol. (24), No. (2), 1975.
24. Patrick O. Alila, Kenya’s Parliamentary Elections: Ethnic Politics in Tow Rural Constituencies in Nyanza, Nairobi, 1986.
25. Raymond Muhula, “Horizontal Inequalities and Ethno-regional Politics in Kenya”, Kenya Studies Review, Vol. (1), No. (1), 2009.
26. Robert Maxwell Press, Establishing a Culture of Resistance: The struggle for Human Rights and Democracy in Authoritarian Kenya 1987-2002, PhD thesis, University of Florida, 2004.
27. S. D. Mueller, “Dying to Win: Elections, political violence, and institutional decay in Kenya”, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol. (1), No. (29), 2011.
28. S. Ross, “The Rule of Law and Lawyers in Kenya”, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. (30), No. (3), 1992.
29. Wangari Maathai, Unbowed: One Woman’s story, London, 2007.
30. Widner, “Moi in kiambu”, Weekly Rview, 21 November 1986.
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Published
2023-04-21
How to Cite
Asst. Lect. Asma Ghani Daoud, & Prof. Dr. Muafaq Hadi Salem. (2023). Kenya General Elections : (Problems, obstacles, and political pressures after the elections 1988-1989). Era Journal for Humanities and Sociology, (8), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.33193/eJHAS.8.2023.254
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